ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY READINESS FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR TOWARDS DIGITAL ECONOMY IN THAILAND
Keywords:
Organizational Capability Readiness, Digital Transformation, Digital EconomyAbstract
This research aims to find organizational capability readiness required for private sector for digital transformation towards enabling sustainable digital economy development in Thailand and relationship among these three key components. The research was conducted in both qualitative and quantitative methods by using structural equation modeling (SEM) methodology and analysis with 328 samples from representatives in the organizations in targeted business segments in private sector. From the study, it founds out that 1. Organizational capability readiness consisting of people, process and technology directly impacts on digital transformation (FL) = 0.69), 2. Digital transformation directly impacts on sustainable digital economy (FL = 0.67), 3. Organizational capability readiness has least impact on sustainable digital economy (FL = 0.14), 4. Process capability readiness plays major roles in organizational capability readiness (FL = 0.94), 5. Ethics which is the newly proposed pillar in this research, besides the current existing ones which are economy, society and environment, also has impact to sustainable digital economy (FL = 0.86) and 6. Operation process is the mostly important factor on digital transformation (FL = 0.91). The innovative outcomes of this research could be very useful to private sector, government and also public sector policy makers on building up the right key organizational capability readiness competencies related to the needs of business organizations to achieve successful digital transformation while accomplishing security for cyber domain of the organizations as this could bring the organizations towards sustainable digital economy at the end. Most importantly, the organizations could not alone and directly drives the sustainable digital economy development but the systematic digital transformation through the right organizational capability readiness competencies is certainly needed.
References
E. Henriette, M. Feki, and I. Boughzala, “The shape of digital transformation: A systematic literature review,” in Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS), Samos, Greece, 10, 2016.
R. Morakanyane, A.A. Grace, P. O’Reilly, “Conceptualizing digital transformation in business organizations: a systematic review of literature,” in Proceedings of the 30th Bled eConference, Bled, Slovenia, 2017.
A. Nadeem, B. Abedin, N. Cerpa, and E. Chew, “Digital transformation & digital business strategy in electronic commerce-the role of organizational capabilities.,” J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res., 13, 2018, 1–8.
J. Stoffers, A. Kleefstra, J. Amanchar-Wijnen, R. Gerards, Hendriks, M., and A. De Grip, “Sociale innovatie monitor limburg workplace innovation, economie 4.0: werken aan digitale vaardigheden economy 4.0,” Let’s work on Digital Skills, 2018.
P.C. Verhoef, T. Broekhuizen, Y. Bart, A. Bhattacharya, J.Q. Dong, N. Fabian, and M. Haenlein, “Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda,” J. Bus. Res, 122, 889–901, 2021.
L. Tendler, “Cybersecurity the key element to a successful digital transformation!,” Tech and Digital, [Online] Available: https://weblog.wemanity.com/en/cybersecurity-a-pillarto-successful-digital-transformation/, 2022.
R. Detect, “Update on the development of the cybersecurity framework.,” National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), [Online] Available: https://www.nist.gov/system/, 2013.files/documents/itl/NIST-Cybersecurity-Framework-Update-072413.pdf.
P. C. Jacobs, S. H. von Solms, and M. M. Grobler, “Towards a framework for the development of business cybersecurity capabilities,” The Business & Management Review, 7(4), 51, 2016.
C. Dickerson, D. N. Mavris, “Architecture and principles of systems engineering,” CRC Press, [Online] Available: http://www.strategyand.pwc. .com/global/home/what-wethink/multimedia/video/mmvideo_display/what-is-a-capability, 2012.
Strategy, “What is a capability,?” [Online] Available: http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/global/home/what-we-think/multimedia/video/mmvideo_display/what-is-a-capability, 2012.
P. Access, “Understanding the economic impacts of digital transformation | examples from asia pacific,” Access Partnership, [Online] Available: https://accesspartnership.com/understanding-the-economic-impacts-of-digital-transformation-examples-from-asiapacific/, 2022.
Pacific Prime, “Cybercrime in Thailand: Current trends and solutions,” Pacific Prime Thailand, [Online] Available: https://www.pacificprime.co.th/blog/ cybercrime-Thailand-trends, 2023.
Property Report, “Digital economy to contribute 30% to Thailand’s GDP by 2030,” Property Report, October 18, 2022. [Online] Available: https://www.asiapropertyawards.com/en/digital-economy-to-contribute-30-to-thailands-gdp-by-2030/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20Thailand's%20digital%20businesses,USD146%20billion%2C%20reported%20 ASEAN%20Briefing, 2022.
Frost and Sullivan, “Thailand digital technology foresight 2035,” [Online] Available: https://www.depa.or.th/storage/app/media/file/Second%20Deliverable%.20RevVer%20EN%20V12%20140819%20FIN.pdf, 2019.
F. Nwaiwu, “Review and comparison of conceptual frameworks on digital business transformation,” Journal of Competitiveness, 10(3), p. 86–100, 2018.
N. Alkhamery, F. Anwar Zainol, and M. Al-Nashmi, “Conceptualizing the role of organizational capabilities in enhancing firms readiness for digital business transformation,” International Journal of Management, p. 11, 2020.
M. Fitzgerald, N. Kruschwitz, D. Bonnet, and M. Welch, “Embracing digital technology a new strategic imperative,” MIT Sloan Management Review, [Online] Available: http://sloanreview.mit.edu/faq/, 2023.
M. A. Sanchez, “A framework to assess organizational readiness for the digital transformation,” Dimensión Empresarial, 15(2), p. 27-40, 2017.
P. Weill, and S. Woerner, “Thriving in an increasingly digital ecosystem,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 56(4), p. 27-34, 2015.
D. Moller, “Cybersecurity in digital transformation: scope and applications,” Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2020.
D.P.F. Muller, “Guide to computing fundamentals in cyber-physical systems concepts,” Design Methods, and Applications, 2016.
R. A. Artikalievich, “Issues of ensuring information security in the digital economy,” ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 12(2), p. 100-108, 2022.
P. D. O'Reilly, K. G. Rigopoulos, L. Feldman, and G. A. Witte, “Annual report 2018: nist/itl cybersecurity program,” 2018.
Deloitte, “The future of cybersecurity survey 2019,” Cyber everywhere. Succeed anywhere. [Online] Available: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/finance/us-the-future-of cyber- survey.pdf, 2019.
E. Gokalp, and V. Martinez, “Digital transformation capability maturity model enabling the assessment of industrial manufacturers,” Computers in Industry, 132, 103522, 2021.
D.R. Sjodin, V. Parida, M. Leksell, A. Petrovic, “Smart factory implementation and process innovation: A preliminary maturity model for leveraging digitalization in Manufacturing Moving to smart factories presents specific challenges,” 2018.
B. J. Weiner, “A theory of organizational readiness for change,” Implementation science, 4(1), p. 1-9, 2009.
D. Kiefer, C. van Dinther, and J. Spitzmuller, “Digital innovation culture: A systematic literature review,” Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation, p. 305-320, 2021.
M. Bucy, A. Finlayson, G. Kelly, and C. Moye, “The how of transformation mckinsey & company,” [Online] Available: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/the-how-of-transformation, 2016.
S. Luthra, and S.K. Mangla, “Evaluating challenges to industry 4.0 initiatives for supply chain sustainability in emerging economies,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 117, p. 168-179, 2018.
P. Agrawal, R. Narain, and I. Ullah, “Analysis of barriers in implementation of digital transformation of supply chain using interpretive structural modelling approach,” Journal of Modelling in Management, 15(1), p. 297-317, 2019.
R. Swanson, “Performance if the key human resource development quarterly,” 1(1) p. 14, 1995.
C. P. Ying, and N. Soon, “Impact of human resource function outsourcing on organizational performance,” Department of Management University Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Malaysia, 2013.
F. Carney, “Re-envisioning the workforce: skilling today to thrive tomorrow,” Microsoft Stories, 2020.
B. Tjahjono, C. Esplugues, E. Ares, and G. Pelaez, “What does industry 4.0 mean to supply chain?,” Procedia Manufacturing, p. 1175-1182, 2017.
A. Raj, G. Dwivedi, A. Sharma, A. B. L. de Sousa Jabbour, and S. Rajak, “Barriers to the adoption of industry 4.0 technologies in the manufacturing sector: An inter-country comparative perspective,” International Journal of Production Economics, 224, 107546, 2020.
Capgemini Digital Transformation Institute, “The digital culture challenge: closing the employee-leadership gap,” Capgemini Digital Transformation Institute, 2018.
M. Yunis, C. Markarian, and A. N. El-Kassar, “A conceptual model for sustainable adoption of ehealth: Role of digital transformation culture and healthcare provider’s readiness,” Proceedings of the IMCIC, 17(2), p. 179-184, 2020.
P. Arora, and D. Suri, “Redefining, relooking, redesigning, and reincorporating HRD in the post Covid 19 context and thereafter,” Human Resource Development International, 23(4), p. 438-451, 2020.
S. Del Rowe, “Digital transformation needs to happen: the clock is ticking for companies that have been unwilling to embrace change,” CRM Magazine, 21(10), 2017.
A. Mazurchenko, and M. Zelenka, “Employees' digital competency development in the construction and automotive industrial sectors,” Central European Business Review, 11(1), p. 41, 2022.
C. Haevin, and D. J. Power, “Challenges for digital transformation towards a conceptual decision support guide for managers,” Journal of Decision Systems, 27(1), p. 38-45, 2018.
E. Prokhin, “Digital transformation of industrial companies: What is management 4.0?,” ICEME, p. 131-138, 2020.
C. Matt, T. Hess, and A. Benlian, “Digital transformation strategies,” Business & information systems engineering, 57, 339-343, 2015.
T. Hess, C. Matt, A. Benlian, F. Wiesböck, e F. Wiesböck, “Options for formulating a digital transformation strategy,” MIS Q. Exec., 15(2), p. 103–119, 2016.
A. Moeuf, R. Pellerin, S. Lamouri, S. Tamayo-Giraldo, and R. Barbaray, “The industrial management of SMEs in the era of Industry 4.0,” International Journal of Production Research, 56 3, 1118-1136, 2018.
S. E. Zaharia, and C. V. Pietreanu, “Challenges in airport digital transformation,” Transportation research procedia, 35, p. 90-99, 2018.
A. Gardy, and R. Canada, “Digital trends & opportunities for airports,” ACI-NA World Annual Conference, 2016.
H. Zeng, “Research on the development path of inclusive wealth management of commercial banks,” In 2022 2nd International Conference on Enterprise Management and Economic Development, p. 142-146, 2022.
D. Ulas, “Digital transformation process and SMEs,” Procedia Computer Science, 158, p. 662-671, 2019.
Y. Limani, L. Stapleton, and P. P. Groumpos, “The challenges of digital transformation in post-conflict transition regions: digital technology adoption in Kosovo,” IFACPapersOnLine, 51(30), p. 186-191, 2018.
A. Gawer, “Platforms, markets and innovation,” Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2009.
Baldwin, Y. Carliss and C. Jason Woodard, ”The architecture of platforms: A unified view,” Platforms, markets and innovation, 32, p. 19-44, 2009.
N. Franke, E. von Hippel, “Satisfying heterogeneous user needs via innovation toolkits: the case of Apache security software,” Res. Policy, 32(7), p. 1199–1215, 2003.
A. Ghazawneh, “Digital services development and the dynamics of transformation by service providers,” In Advances in Information Systems Development: Designing Digitalization, p. 97-112, 2019.
J. Zhao, and X. Jiao, “Implementing a Big-data Based Strategy to Increase Students’ Enrollment for Dalian Neusoft University of Information,” In 8th International Conference on Social Network, Communication and Education (SNCE 2018), p. 625-630, 2018.
A.V. Tokarieva, N.P. Volkova, I.V. Harkusha, V.N. Soloviev, “Educational digital games: models and implementation,” Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Cloud Technologies in Education (CTE 2018), p. 74–89, 2018,.
A. Kiv, V. Soloviev, and S. Semerikov, “CTE 2018–How cloud technologies continues to transform education,” Institute of Information Technologies and Learning Tools of NAES of Ukraine, 2019.
Z. G. Khanzad, and A. A. Gooyabadi, “Digital strategizing: the role of the corporate culture,” Open Journal of Business and Management, 10(6), p. 2974-2995, 2022.
C. Boulton, “What is digital transformation? A necessary disruption,” [Online] Available: https://www.cio.com/article/3211428/digital-transformation/what-isdigitaltransformation-a-necessary-disruption.html#tk.cio_rs, 2017.
Nahrkhalaji, S. S., Shafiee, S., Shafiee, M., and Hvam, L., “Challenges of digital transformation: The case of the non-profit sector,” In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), 12451249, 2018.
F. O. Ezeokoli, K. C. Okolie, P. U. Okoye, and C. C. Belonwu, “Digital transformation in the Nigeria construction industry: The professionals’ view,” World Journal of Computer Application and Technology, 4(3), p. 23-30, 2016.
T. Greif, N. Stein, and C. M. Flath, “Peeking into the void: Digital twins for construction site logistics,” Computers in Industry, 121, 103264, 2020.
A. Ahmed, M. Alshurideh, B. A. Kurdi, and S. A. Salloum, “Digital transformation and organizational operational decision making: a systematic review,” In International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems and Informatics, p. 708-719, 2020.
R. Viola, “Artificial Intelligence, The next frontier, European Commission,” [Online] Available: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/blogposts/artificial-intelligencenextfrontier, 2018.
M. E. Galani, “Digital transformation: A case study of a medium-sized Greek travel agency,” [Online] Available: https://repository.ihu.edu.gr/xmlui/handle/11544/29663, 2020.
A. Mesquita, L. Oliveira, and A. Sequeira, “The future of the digital workforce: current and future challenges for executive and administrative assistants,” In World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, p. 25-38, 2019.
T.R. Coltman, P.P. Tallon, R. Sharma, and M. Queiroz, “Strategic it alignment: Twentyfive years on,” Journal of Information Technology, 30, p. 91-100, 2015.
V. Goepp, and O. Avila, “An extended strategic alignment model for technical information system alignment,” International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 10, p. 1-16, 2015.
S. Berghaus, and A. Back, “Stages in digital business transformation: results of an empirical maturity study,” In MCIS., 22, 2016.
K. Osmundsen, J. Iden, and B. Bygstad, “Digital transformation: drivers, success factors, and implications,” In MCIS, 37, 2018.
T. Schwarzmüller, P. Brosi, D. Duman, and I. M. Welpe, “How does the digital transformation affect organizations? rev,” 29(2), 114–138, 2018.
S. D. Anthony, A. Trotter, R. Bell, and E. I. Schwartz, “The transformation 20 Strategic change rankings for 2019,” Innosight—Strategy and innovation at Huron, [Online] Available: https://www.innosight.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Innosight_Transformation-10.pdf.
D. Schalmo, A. Rusnjak., “Roadmap zur digitalen transformation von geschaeftsmodellen,” Digitale Transformation von Ges-chaeftsmodellen, Springer, p. 1-31, 2017.
T. Corejová, A. Rovňanová, T. Genzorová, M. Valica, “Digital transformation and its impact on brand, marketing identity part 2,” Conference Proceedings from International Scientific Conference, p. 54-65, 2016.
D. Dredge, G. T. L. Phi, R. Mahadevan, E. Meehan, and E. Popescu, “Digitalisation in tourism: in-depth analysis of challenges and opportunities,” Department of Culture and Global Studies, Aalborg University, Denmark, 2019.
E. Piccinini, A. Hanelt, R. W. Gregory, and L. M. Kolbe, “Transforming industrial business: The impact of digital transformation on automotive organizations,” In Icis, p. 1–20, 2015.
S. Winasis, S. Riyanto, and E. Ariyanto, “Digital transformation in the indonesian banking industry: Impact on employee engagement,” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(4), p. 528-543, 2020.
S. Hickey, and M. Morris, “Hire to rapidly accelerate employee engagement: what’s the formula. aonhewitt,” [Online] Available: https://apac. aonhewitt. com/home/insights-atwork/hire-to-rapidly-accelerate-employee-engagement, 2018.
M., Tomičić Furjan, K., Tomičić-Pupek, and I., Pihir, “Understanding digital transformation initiatives: Case studies analysis,” Business Systems Research: International journal of the Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, 11(1), p. 125-141, 2020.
T. Genzorova, T. Corejova, and N. Stalmasekova, “How digital transformation can influence business model, Case study for transport industry,” Transportation Research Procedia, 40, p. 1053-1058, 2019.
U. Lichtenthaler, “Shared value innovation: linking competitiveness and societal goals in the context of digital transformation,” International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 14(4), p. 1-14, 2017.
P. J. Guinan, S. Parise, and N. Langowitz, “Creating an innovative digital project team: Levers to enable digital transformation,” Business Horizons, 62(6), p. 717-727, 2019.
A. Kutnjak, I. Pihiri, and M. T. Furjan, “Digital transformation case studies across industries–Literature review,” In 2019 42nd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), p. 1293-1298, 2019.
J. K. Nwankpa, and Y. Roumani, “IT capability and digital transformation : A firm oecd. (2017),” Digital transformation of public service delivery, Paris: OECD Publishing, p. 202-203, 2016.
S. Matte, L. Moyer, C. Kanuri, D. Petretta, C. Bulger, and R. Swaney, “Getting started with the sustainable development goals,” A Guide for Stakeholders. Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, 2015.
WEF, “The digital economy: what is the digital economy and how is it transformation business,” World Economic Forum, 2022.
R. Bukht, and R. Heeks, “Defining, conceptualising and measuring the digital economy, development informatics working paper 68,” University of Manchester, UK, [Online] Available: https://www.gdi.manchester.ac.uk/research/publications/di/, 2017.
G L. F.arifova, “Infonomics and the value of information in the digital economy,” Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, p. 738-743, 2015.
L. Zekanovic-Korona and J. Grzunov, “Evaluation of shared digital economy adoption: Case of Airbnb,” in Proc. 2014 37th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 1574-157954, 2014.
Lazovic V. and Đuričković T., “The digital economy in developing countries-challenges and opportunities,” in Proc. 2014. 37th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), p. 1580-1585, 2014.
R. Heeks, “Digital economies and development: A research agenda,” DIODE Briefing, 2, 2018.
T. Kuhlman, and J. Farrington, “What is sustainability?,” Sustainability, 2, p. 3436-3448, 2010.
E. Estevez, T. Janowski, Z. Dzhusupova, “Electronic governance for sustainable development: How EGOV solutions contribute to SD goals?,” In Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, p. 92–101, 2013.
Z. A. Burma, “4th Industrial revolution and Innovating in the digital economy: World and turkey values for 2016 by global indicators,” International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, 6(12), p. 20-33, 2016.
L. C. Pinto, and E. Menengola, “European green deal, digitalização da economia e blockchain: o caminho para a sustentabilidade?,” International Journal of Digital Law, 2(2), p. 11-32, 2021.
R. Luppicini, “The emerging field of technoethics,” Handbook of research on technoethics, 1-19, (2009).
D. Muthoka Kagwaini, I. L. S. S. One, and A. R. Campus. “The end game of humans through grin technologies,” University Educators’role, 2020.
G.D. Garson, “The vision of e-governance: competing theories of information technology and change,” 2006.
B. Brenner, “Transformative sustainable business models in the light of the digital imperative—A global business economics perspective,” Sustainability, 10(12), p. 4428, 2018.
S. Human, and M. Kazzazi, “Contextuality and intersectionality of e-consent: A humancentric reflection on digital consenting in the emerging genetic data markets,” In 2021 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW), p. 307311, 2021.
B. Cohen, “Developing educational indicators that will guide students and institutions toward a sustainable future,” New Directions for Institutional Research, 134, 2007.
W. Stubbs, and C.Cocklin, “Teaching sustainability to business students: shifting mindsets,” International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 9(3), 206-221, 2008.
G. O. de Paula, and R. N. Cavalcanti, “Ethics: essence for sustainability,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 8(2), 2000, p. 109-117, 2008.
MICT, “Digital Thailand, Ministry of Information and Technology,” p. 3-5, 2016.
P. Siriruchatapong, “Thailand Digital Economy and Society Development Plan,” Bangkok: MICT, [Online] Available: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/ AsiaPacific/Documents/ Events/2016/Apr-Digital2016/ S2_Present_Pansak_Siriruchatapong.pdf, 2016.
BOI, “A guide to the board of investment 2018, Office of the board of investment of Thailand,” [Online] Available: https://www.boi.go.th/upload/content/4.%20[Handbook]%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Board%20of%20Investment%2020 18_5c864cb86a7ef.pdf, 2018.
NESDB., “The Twelfth National Economic and Social Development Plan (2017-2021),” Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board, Office of the Prime Minister, Bangkok, Thailand, 2017.
“International Institute for Non Aligned Studies,” Thailand’s 13th Five Year National Economic and Social Development Plan, International Institute for Non – Aligned Studies, [Online] Available: https://www.newdelhitimes.com/thailands-13th-five-yearnational-economic-and-social-development-plan/, 2021.
NESDC, “The Thirtheen national economic and social development plan (2023-2027),” Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board, Office of the Prime Minister, Bangkok, Thailand, [Online] Available: https://www.nesdc.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=13150, 2022.
W. Noonpakdee, A. Phothichai, and T. Khunkornsiri, “The readiness for moving toward digital thailand, A case study,” International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 8(4), p. 273-278, 2018.
K. H. Lai, and C. W. Wong, “Green logistics management and performance: Some empirical evidence from Chinese manufacturing exporters,” Omega, 40(3), p. 267-282. 2012.
H. S. Matthews, “Use versus manufacture life cycle electricity and environmental impacts for computer tape drives,” Resources, conservation and recycling, 36(3), p. 187196, 2002.
R.J. Rovinelli, and R.K. Hambleton, “On the use of content specialists in the assessment of criterion-referenced test item validity,” Dutch Journal of Educational Research, 2, p. 49-60, 1977.
H. A. Al-Khadash, J. R. Jireis, and Embassy-Jordan, “U. COSO enterprise risk management implementation in Jordanian commercial banks and its impact on financial performance,” Int J Bus Manage, 6(3), p. 208, 2017.
K. A. Bollen, “Measurement models: The relation between latent and observed variables,” Structural equations with latent variables, p. 179-225, 1989.
A. Diamantopoulos, J. A. Siguaw, and J. A. Siguaw, “Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated,” Sage, 2000.
D. Kaplan, and A. J. Ferguson, “On the utilization of sample weights in latent variable models,” Structural equation modeling: A multidisciplinary journal, 6(4), p. 305-321, 1999.
L. T. Hu, and P. M. Bentler, “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives,” Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), p. 1-55, 1999.
A. E. Şenaras, and H. K. Sezen, “Digitization, Digitalization, Digital Transformation concepts and historical view,” In Социальные институты в цифровой среде, p. 287295, 2020.
M., Henderikx, and J., Stoffers, “An exploratory literature study into digital transformation and leadership: toward future-proofs,” Sustainability, 14(2), p. 687, 2022.
M.D. Bhatia, A. Mote, “Work from home (WFH): The new normal?,” Int. J. Future Gener. Commun, 14, p. 1905–1916, 2020.
A.A. Fernandez, G.P. Shaw, “Academic leadership in a time of crisis: The Coronavirus and COVID-19,” J. Leadersh. Stud, 14, p. 39–45, 2020.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Kriengkrai Bhuvanij, Prasong Praneetpolgrang, Surasak Mungsingha (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.